The Burgeoning Significance of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Cancers.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a physiological phenomenon that parallels the mixing of oil and water, giving rise to compartments with diverse physical properties. Biomolecular condensates, arising from LLPS, serve as critical regulators of gene expression and control, with a particular significance in the context of malignant tumors. Recent investigations have unveiled the intimate connection between LLPS and cancer, a nexus that profoundly impacts various facets of cancer progression, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, oncogene expression, and the formation of critical membraneless organelles within the cancer microenvironment. This review provides a comprehensive account of the evolution of LLPS from the molecular to the pathological level. We explore the mechanisms by through which biomolecular condensates govern diverse cellular physiological processes, encompassing gene expression, transcriptional control, signal transduction, and responses to environmental stressors. Furthermore, we concentrate on potential therapeutic targets and the development of small-molecule inhibitors associated with LLPS in prevalent clinical malignancies. Understanding the role of LLPS and its interplay within the tumor milieu holds promise for enhancing cancer treatment strategies, particularly in overcoming drug resistance challenges. These insights offer innovative perspectives and support for advancing cancer therapy.

[Proportion and Clinical Significance of γδT17/Th17/Tc17 Cells in Peripheral Blood of Uygur Patients with Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution of γδT17/Th17/Tc17 cells in the peripheral blood of Uygur patients with chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) and clinical significance. METHODS: ELISA method was used to detect the levels of IL-17, IL-23, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the peripheral blood serum of 53 newly diagnosed Uygur patients with CLL and 30 healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportion of γδT/γδT17/Th17/Tc17 cells in the peripheral blood of Uygur CLL patients and controls, and the changes of the abover indexes in CLL Binet staging were observed. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the proportion of γδT cells, γδT17 cells, and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of Uygur CLL patients increased significantly （P <0.05）. γδT17 cell proportion in total lymphocytes was significantly higher than Th17 and Tc17 cell proportions（P <0.05）, and proportions of γδT, γδT17 cells increased gradually as the disease progressed. The levels of cytokines IL-17, IL-23, and IL-6 in peripheral blood of Uygur patients with CLL were significantly higher than those in the control group（P <0.05）, while the level of cytokine IFN-γ was significantly lower（P <0.05）. The level of IL-17 in peripheral blood decreased gradually as the disease progressed（P <0.05）. CONCLUSION: γδT and γδT17 are abnormally highly expressed in Uygur CLL , which are related to the stage of disease and participate in the occurrence and development of CLL.

An injectable collagen peptide-based hydrogel with desirable antibacterial, self-healing and wound-healing properties based on multiple-dynamic crosslinking.

Conventional collagen-based hydrogels as wound dressing materials are usually lack of antibacterial activity and easily broken when encountering external forces. In this work, we developed a collagen peptide-based hydrogel as a wound dressing, which was composed of adipic acid dihydrazide functionalized collagen peptide (Col-ADH), oxidized dextran (ODex), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and borax via multiple-dynamic reversible bonds (acylhydrazone, amine, borate ester and hydrogen bonds). The injectable hydrogel exhibited satisfactory self-healing ability, antibacterial activity, mechanical strength, as well as good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In vivo experiments demonstrated the rapid hemostasis, accelerated cell migration, and promoted wound healing capacities of the hydrogel. These results indicate that the multifunctional collagen peptide-based hydrogel has great potentials in the field of wound dressings.

Personalized application of antimicrobial drugs in pediatric patients with augmented renal clearance: a review of literature.

The effect of renal functional status on drug metabolism is a crucial consideration for clinicians when determining the appropriate dosage of medications to administer. In critically ill patients, there is often a significant increase in renal function, which leads to enhanced drug metabolism and potentially inadequate drug exposure. This phenomenon, known as augmented renal clearance (ARC), is commonly observed in pediatric critical care settings. The findings of the current study underscore the significant impact of ARC on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs in critically ill pediatric patients. Moreover, the study reveals a negative correlation between increased creatinine clearance and blood concentrations of antimicrobial drugs. The article provides a comprehensive review of ARC screening in pediatric patients, including its definition, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, it summarizes the dosages and dosing regimens of commonly used antibacterial and antiviral drugs for pediatric patients with ARC, and recommendations are made for dose and infusion considerations and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. CONCLUSION:  ARC impacts antimicrobial drugs in pediatric patients. WHAT IS KNOWN: • ARC is inextricably linked to the failure of antimicrobial therapy, recurrence of infection, and subtherapeutic concentrations of drugs. WHAT IS NEW: • This study provides an updated overview of the influence of ARC on medication use and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients. • In this context, there are several recommendations for using antibiotics in pediatric patients with ARC: 1) increase the dose administered; 2) prolonged or continuous infusion administration; 3) use of TDM; and 4) use alternative drugs that do not undergo renal elimination.

Identification and Fungicide Screening of Fungal Species Associated with Walnut Anthracnose in Shaanxi and Liaoning Provinces, China.

Walnut is cultivated around the world for its precious woody nut and edible oil. Recently, walnut infected by Colletotrichum spp. resulted in a great yield and quality loss. In August and September 2014, walnut fruits with anthracnose were sampled from two commercial orchards in Shaanxi and Liaoning provinces, and five representative isolates were used in this study. To identify the pathogen properly, four genes per region (internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin, and chitin synthase) were sequenced and used in phylogenetic studies. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis, five isolates clustered with Colletotrichum fioriniae, including its ex-type, with 100% bootstrap support. The results of multilocus phylogenetic analyses, morphology, and pathogenicity confirmed that C. fioriniae was one of the walnut anthracnose pathogens in China. All 13 fungicides tested inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination. Flusilazole, fluazinam, prochloraz, and pyraclostrobin showed the strongest suppressive effects on the mycelial growth than the others, the average EC50 values ranged from 0.09 to 0.40 µg/ml, and there was not any significant difference (P < 0.05). Pyraclostrobin, thiram, and azoxystrobin were the most effective fungicides on spore germination (P < 0.05), and the EC50 values ranged from 0.01 to 0.44 µg/ml. Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluazinam, flusilazole, mancozeb, thiram, and prochloraz exhibited a good control effect on walnut anthracnose caused by C. fioriniae, and preventive activities were greater than curative activities. Pyraclostrobin at 250 a.i. µg/ml and fluazinam at 500 a.i. µg/ml provided the highest preventive and curative efficacy, and the values ranged from 81.3 to 82.2% and from 72.9 to 73.6%, respectively. As a consequence, mancozeb and thiram could be used at the preinfection stage, and pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, flusilazole, fluazinam, and prochloraz could be used at the early stage for effective prevention and control of walnut anthracnose caused by C. fioriniae. The results will provide more significant instructions for controlling the disease effectively in northern China.

Equilibrative nucleotide transporter ENT3 (SLC29A3): A unique transporter for inherited disorders and cancers.

As a crucial gene associated with diseases, the SLC29A3 gene encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3). ENT3 plays an essential regulatory role in transporting intracellular hydrophilic nucleosides, nucleotides, hydrophilic anticancer and antiviral nucleoside drugs, energy metabolism, subcellular localization, protein stability, and signal transduction. The mutation and inactivation of SLC29A3 are intimately linked to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of various human tumors. Moreover, many hereditary human diseases, such as H syndrome, pigmentary hypertrichosis and non-autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (PHID) syndrome, Faisalabad histiocytosis (FHC), are related to SLC29A3 mutations. This review explores the mechanisms of SLC29A3 mutations and expression alterations in inherited disorders and cancers. Additionally, we compile studies on the inhibition of ENT3, which may serve as an effective strategy to potentiate the anticancer activity of chemotherapy. Thus, the synopsis of genetics, permeant function and drug therapy of ENT3 provides a new theoretical and empirical foundation for the diagnosis, prognosis of evaluation and treatment of various related diseases.

Photocatalytic Redox-Neutral Alkoxyacylation of Alkenes.

ß-Alkoxyketones are important building blocks in organic synthesis. By utilizing CBZ6, with an oxidative potential of -2.16 V (vs the saturated calomel electrode), as a redox-neutral photocatalyst, alkoxyacylation of olefins was accomplished under the irradiation of visible light via a cationic intermediate. It involves the addition of an acyl radical to olefin to form a radical intermediate and the following oxidation of the radical intermediate to the benzyl cationic intermediate that is captured by alkoxy anions. This process provides concise and practical access to the ß-functionalized ketones.

Larger deep white matter hyperintensity volume correlates with more severe social behavioral changes in patients with subacute ischemic stroke.

Background: Changes in social behavior can occur after ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the potential correlations between neuroimaging variables and changes in social behavior in patients who experienced subacute ischemic stroke. Methods: We prospectively screened patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. Three months after the index stroke, changes in patients' social behavior were investigated by the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI), which consists of both deficit and positive groups of behaviors. The protocol of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including the baseline MRI at the acute stage and additional MRI with three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging on follow-up. Using these MRI scans, we assessed the acute infarction and the volumes of various brain structures by an automatic volumetry tool. Results: Eighty patients were enrolled. In univariate analyses, patients with deficit behavioral changes had more left cortical infarction (r = 0.271, p = 0.015), Cholinergic Pathways Hyperintensities Scale scores (r = 0.227, p = 0.042), DWMH volumes (r = 0.349, p = 0.001), and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores (r = 0.392, p < 0.001). Patients with positive behavioral changes had more frequency of men (r = 0.229, p = 0.041) and a history of hypertension (r = 0.245, p = 0.028). In multiple stepwise linear regression models, after adjusting for age, deep WMH volumes (ß = 0.849, 95% confidence interval = 0.352-1.346, p = 0.001) and mRS scores on follow-up (ß = 1.821, 95% confidence interval = 0.881-2.76, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with deficit behavioral changes (R2 = 0.245). Conclusion: Larger deep WMH volumes and poorer mRS scores on follow-up were significantly correlated with deficit behavioral changes in patients with subacute ischemic stroke.

[Expression and Clinical Significance of Helper T Cells 9 and Its Sytokines Interleukin 9 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of T helper cell 9 (Th9) and its cytokine interleukin 9(IL-9) in peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL). METHODS: A total of 43 newly diagnosed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from June 2021 to June 2022 were selected as the case group. The patients were divided into Binet A group (13 cases), Binet B group (20 cases) and Binet C group (10 cases) by Binet staging system, and 20 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examinationin in our hospital in the same period served as control group. The proportion of Th9 cells in peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry, the expression level of Th9 specific transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4 was detected by Western blot, and the expression level of serum cytokine IL-9 was detected by ELISA. The proportion of Th9, the expression of PU.1, IRF4 and IL-9 in each group were compared, and the correlation between the proportion of Th9, IL-9 and clinicopathological indexes of CLL patients was analyzed. RESULTS: The proportion of Th9, the expression of PU.1, IRF4 and IL-9 in CLL group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), the proportion of Th9 and the expression of IL-9 in Binet B and C group were higher than those in Binet A group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the proportion of Th9 cells between Binet B group and C group (P>0.05). The expression of IL-9 in Binet C group was significantly higher than that in Binet B group (P<0.05) . The proportion of Th9 cells and IL-9 were highly expression in patients with ß2 microglobulin abnormality, IGHV unmutation, P53 abnormality and hepatosplenic lymph node enlargement(P<0.05), but not related to age and sex (P>0.05). The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that the proportion of Th9 in patients with CLL was negatively correlated with the lymphocytic account and lymphocyte proportion(rs=-0.32，rs=-0.34). The proportion of Th9 and IL-9 were positively correlated with Binet stage, Rai stage and CLL-IPI Scoring (rs=0.79，rs=0.54，rs=0.58； rs=0.72，rs=0.63，rs=0.45), but not with WBC, CD4+ T cells and CD8+T cells (P>0.05). The proportion of Th9 was positively correlated with IL-9 (rs=0.53). CONCLUSION: Th9 cells and IL-9 are abnormally highly expressed in CLL, which is related to the poor prognosis of CLL.

[Significance of Tim-3 and Its Ligand Galectin-9 in Th1/Th2 Imbalance in Patients with Multiple Myeloma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of Tim-3 and Galectin-9 in Th1/Th2 imbalance in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: 55 newly diagnosed MM patients and 20 healthy controls were included. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Tim-3 on CD4+T cells, the proportion of Th1, Th2, Tim-3+Th1 and Tim-3+Th2 cells in peripheral blood. ELISA was used to detect the levels of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum, and PCR was used to detect the level of Galectin-9 mRNA. Then the correlations between Galectin-9 mRNA expression and Th-cell subsets and related cytokine levels, as well as the relationship between Tim-3+Th1/Tim-3+Th2 ratio and corresponding clinical features were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the expression of Tim-3 on CD4+T cells in peripheral blood of MM patients was significantly increased (P<0.05), the proportions of Tim-3+Th1 cells, Tim-3+Th2 cells and Tim-3+Th1/Tim-3+Th2 ratio in MM patients were also increased (P<0.05), while the proportion of Th1 cells and Th1/Th2 ratio in MM patients were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The level of cytokine IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in MM patients were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the level of cytokine IL-4 was increased (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of Galectin-9 in MM patients were significantly increased (P<0.05). The levels of Galectin-9 mRNA were positively correlated with Tim-3+CD4+T cells (r=0.663), Tim-3+Th2 cells (r=0.492) and IL-4 (r=0.470), while negatively correlated with IFN-γ (r=-0.593). The ratios of Tim-3+Th1/Tim-3+Th2 in MM patients were positively correlated with ISS stage (r=0.511), osteolytic damage (r=0.556) and chromosome abnormality (r=0.632). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Tim-3 and Galectin-9 are involved in Th1/Th2 imbalance in MM patients, and the high ratio of Tim-3+Th1/Tim-3+Th2 is associated with poor clinical prognosis.

Lipopolysaccharides protect mesenchymal stem cell against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury by HMGB1/STAT3 signaling.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a serious and irreversible injury. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is considered to be a potential therapy for I/R injury due to the paracrine effects. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a novel mediator in MSC and regulates the response of inflammation injury. Signal Transduction and Transcription Activator 3 (STAT3) is a critical transcription factor and important for release of paracrine factors. However, the relationship between HMGB1 and STAT3 in paracrine effect of MSC remains unknown. METHODS: In vitro, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model was established by AnaeroPack System and examined by Annexin V flow cytometry, CCK8 assay and morphology observation. Detection of apoptotic proteins and protein expression of HMGB1 and STAT3 by Western blot. RESULTS: The conditioned medium of MSCs with or without LPS pretreatment was cocultured with H9C2 cells for 24 h before hypoxia treatment and MSC showed obvious cardiomyocytes protect role, as evidence by decreased apoptosis rate and improved cells viability, and LPS pretreated MSC exhibited better protect role than untreated MSC. However, such effect was abolished in HMGB1 deficiency group, silencing HMGB1 decreased the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin growth factor (IGF), cell viability, and the expression of STAT3. Furthermore, STAT3 silence attenuated the protective effect of LPS in MSC. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that LPS improved MSC-mediated cardiomyocytes protection by HMGB1/STAT3 signaling.

Transalkylation via C-N Bond Cleavage of Amines Catalyzed by Super Organophotoreductant CBZ6.

The super organoreductant CBZ6-catalyzed tandem transalkylation-cyclization using amines as traceless radical donors and stabilizer is reported. The later-stage breaking of an N-C bond enables the transalkylation with a secondary amine as the leaving moiety. A wide range of tertiary amines were used as alkyl radical donors for the C1-C8 alkyls. This traceless stabilizer also enabled the transalkylation with methyl radical, which is normally not possible because of the instability of methyl radical.

Corrigendum: Bibliometric analysis of evolutionary trends and hotspots of super-enhancers in cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192855.].

Responses of the microbial community and the production of extracellular polymeric substances to sulfamethazine shocks in a novel two-stage biological contact oxidation system.

Introduction: The biological contact oxidation reactor is an effective technology for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater, but there has been little research investigating its performance on the sulfamethazine wastewater treatment. Methods: In this study, a novel two-stage biological contact oxidation reactor was used for the first time to explore the impact of sulfamethazine (SMZ) on the performance, microbial community, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs). Results: The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal efficiencies kept stable at 86.93% and 83.97% with 0.1-1 mg/L SMZ addition and were inhibited at 3 mg/L SMZ. The presence of SMZ could affect the production and chemical composition of EPS in the biofilm, especially for the pronounced increase in TB-PN yield in response against the threat of SMZ. Metagenomics sequencing demonstrated that SMZ could impact on the microbial community, a high abundance of Candidatus_Promineofilum, unclassified_c__Anaerolineae, and unclassified_c__Betaproteobacteria were positively correlated to SMZ, especially for Candidatus_Promineofilum. Discussion: Candidatus_Promineofilum not only had the ability of EPS secretion, but also was significantly associated with the primary SMZ resistance genes of sul1 and sul2, which developed resistance against SMZ pressure through the mechanism of targeted gene changes, further provided a useful and easy-implement technology for sulfamethazine wastewater treatment.

[New pretreatment method for detecting petroleum hydrocarbons in soil: silica-gel dehydration and cyclohexane extraction].

Oil is a primary source of energy worldwide. However, the use of oil produces large amounts of pollutants, which are detrimental to the environment. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil is a critical marker of environmental pollution and safety. Rapid on-site detection technology has been broadly used in emergency tracking, offering critical information support for effective reactions to environmental emergencies. Thus, it is expected to play an increasingly critical role in environmental remediation efforts. The current approach for petroleum hydrocarbon detection in soil mainly involves Soxhlet extraction with a combination of solvents, including acetone and n-hexane. The samples are then analyzed after rotary evaporation, dehydration with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and purification using a magnesium silica-type adsorbent. Unfortunately, this approach requires sample analysis to be performed in the laboratory, which is tedious and time consuming, and consumes large amounts of solvents. Moreover, the rotary evaporator is not portable. Therefore, this method is not appropriate for the rapid on-site detection of petroleum hydrocarbons. In this study, a rapid on-site detection method based on silica-gel dehydration and cyclohexane extraction was developed for the extraction and pretreatment of petroleum hydrocarbons (C10-C40) in soil. First, an appropriate amount of silica gel was added to the soil, and the mixture was completely ground to eliminate moisture. Next, petroleum hydrocarbons were extracted with 40 mL of cyclohexane, and the extract was cleaned by Florisil solid-phase extraction (SPE) column elution. Finally, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) to evaluate the above method. The silica gel exhibited optimal adsorption properties compared with anhydrous sodium sulfate, calcium oxide, and molecular sieves, with recovery of 87.5%. The effects of different soil water content (5%, 10%, and 20%) and silica gel (1, 3, 5, and 10 times the moisture content) dosage on the extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons were investigated. The recoveries of petroleum hydrocarbons increased from 74.0% to 103.8% after 15 min of invasive extraction (relative standard deviation, RSD, <10.1%) when silica gel amounting to 10 times the moisture content was used. Five types of silica gels with different properties were purchased from four manufacturers, and the effects of these silica gels on the dehydration and extraction efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil were assessed. The results showed that amorphous silica gel led to low recoveries (<60%), spherical silica gel achieved extraction efficiencies of approximately 70%-90%, and alkaline silica gel produced recoveries with poor precision. Therefore, neutral spherical silica gel was used for further experiments. The fingerprints of petroleum hydrocarbons with different carbon numbers are an important reference for identifying pollution sources. Thus, ensuring good recoveries throughout the entire carbon range is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the fingerprint analysis results. The proposed method showed good recoveries for petroleum hydrocarbons of all carbon numbers (75%-101%). The findings above indicate that the developed method could be an efficient means to extract petroleum hydrocarbons from soil for both total quantity and fingerprint analyses. Compared with standard methods, the proposed method requires lower solvent dosages and features simpler processing steps. Another advantage of this method is that it does not require the use of highly toxic halogenated solvents; thus, it does not contribute to environmental pollution. It can be applied to the laboratory analysis of soil petroleum hydrocarbons and coupled with other rapid on-site detection techniques for soil petroleum hydrocarbons, such as infrared spectroscopy and portable GC. However, because it does not include a concentration process, the developed method exhibits relatively low sensitivity. In the future, we plan to develop a simple and flexible on-site sample-concentration system to further improve various indicators of this method.

Effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant generalized epilepsy in children aged six and younger.

BACKGROUND: To explore a novel scoring system to evaluate the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in children with drug-resistant generalized epilepsy (DRGE) aged six and younger. BASIC PROCEDURES: The data of twelve children with DRGE under the age of 6 years who accepted VNS and have been followed up for at least 3 years were retrospectively reviewed. The outcome was evaluated with the McHugh Classification System and a novel scoring system we proposed. MAIN FINDINGS: Based on the McHugh Classification System, the total response rate was 91.67% (11/12) and the rate of Grade I was 41.67% (5/12). A novel scoring system involving seizure frequency, seizure duration and quality of life (QOL) was proposed, by which the outcome was scored from -3 to 11 and graded from IV to I. Based on the novel scoring system, the total response rate was 91.67% (11/12) and the rate of Grade I was 33.33% (4/12). The incidence of complication was 16.67% (2/12). The efficacy of VNS appeared a gradually improving trend with plateau or fluctuation over time. Shorter course of epilepsy prior to VNS may be related to better outcome. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: VNS could effectively reduce the seizure frequency and improve the QOL of children with DRGE aged six and younger. The novel scoring system was comprehensive and feasible to evaluate the efficacy of VNS. The time pattern of the long-term efficacy of VNS requires further investigation.

Rab11a in the spinal cord: an essential contributor to complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain in mice.

Inflammatory pain is a commonly observed clinical symptom in a range of acute and chronic diseases. However, the mechanism of inflammatory pain is far from clear yet. Rab11a, a small molecule guanosine triphosphate enzyme, is reported to regulate orofacial inflammatory pain in our previous works. However, the mechanism of Rab11a's involvement in the regulation of inflammatory pain remains obscure. Here, we aim to elucidate the potential mechanisms through which Rab11a contributes to the development of inflammatory pain in the spinal level. It's shown that neurons, rather than glial cells, were the primary cell type expressing Rab11a in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). After intra-plantar injection of CFA, both the number of Fos/Rab11a-immunopositive neurons and the expression of Rab11a were increased. Administration of Rab11a-shRNA into the SDH resulted in significantly analgesic effect in mice with CFA injection. Application of Rab11a-shRNA also reduced the NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) and the spike number of neurons in lamina II of the SDH in mice with CFA injection, without affecting the presynaptic glutamate release and the postsynaptic AMPA receptor-mediated EPSC. Our results thus suggest that the enhanced expression of neuronal Rab11a may be important for the process of inflammatory pain in mice with CFA injection, which is likely mediated by Rab11a's potentiation of the competence of post-synaptic NMDAR and spiking of SDH neurons.

Construction of Zr-Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Composite Materials toward Anhydrous Proton Conduction and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Metal-organic frameworks constructed from Zr usually possess excellent chemical and physical stability. Therefore, they have become attractive platforms in various fields. In this work, two families of hybrid materials based on ZrSQU have been designed and synthesized, named Im@ZrSQU and Cu@ZrSQU, respectively. Im@ZrSQU was prepared through the impregnation method and employed for proton conduction. Im@ZrSQU exhibited terrific proton conduction performance in an anhydrous environment, with the highest proton conduction value of 3.6 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 110 °C. In addition, Cu@ZrSQU was synthesized via the photoinduction method for the photoreduction of CO2, which successfully promoted the conversion of CO2 into CO and achieved the CO generation rate of up to 12.4 µmol g-1 h-1. The photocatalytic performance of Cu@ZrSQU is derived from the synergistic effect of Cu NPs and ZrSQU. Based on an in-depth study and discussion toward ZrSQU, we provide a versatile platform with applications in the field of proton conduction and photocatalysis, which will guide researchers in their further studies.

Synthesis of α-Hydroxyl and α-Amino Pyridinyl Esters via Photoreductive Dual Radical Cross-Coupling.

A method for the synthesis of α-hydroxyl and α-amino pyridinyl esters via photoreductive dual radical cross-coupling catalyzed by the super-organoreductant CBZ6 has been developed. A wide range of 2-pyridinylation and 4-pyridinylation of either α-ketoesters or imine derivatives has been achieved. The applications in the synthesis of pyridinyl amino-hydroxyl acids as well as a new chiral oxazoline ligand have also been accomplished.